Microcontroller

A microcontroller is a small computer that you can program to perform a specific task. It consists of a processor, memory, and input/output components. The processor executes instructions. The memory stores instructions and data. The input/output components allow the microcontroller to communicate with the outside world—for example buttons, switches, sensors, LEDs, displays, motors, etc.

Microcontrollers come in many shapes and sizes, each with their own specifications. Based on your application, you’ll want to choose the right microcontroller for your project. The most important specifications are:

Clock speed: how fast the processor can execute instructions. This is expressed in Hertz (Hz). 1 Hz is 1 instruction per second. A microcontroller’s clock speed is typically between 1 and 100 MHz.
Memory: how much memory is available to store instructions and data. This is expressed in bytes. A microcontroller’s memory is typically between 1 and 1000 kB.
Input/output (I/O): the amount and type of I/O the microcontroller has. This can include buttons, switches, sensors, LEDs, displays, motors, etc.
Cost: the price of the microcontroller. This can range from a few euros to hundreds of euros.
Communication: options for communicating with other systems, e.g. USB, Bluetooth, Wi‑Fi, etc.
Power/energy: options for supplying or managing power, e.g. via batteries, rechargeable batteries, USB power, etc.